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FC 101: GI Bleeding - Learning Objectives

1. To describe the different clinical presentations and the main causes of upper and lower GI bleeding
2. To review the angiographic anatomy of the upper and lower GI tract
3. To review the available embolic materials used for GI bleeding and how to match the embolic material with the goal of the procedure
4. To describe what to do in case of a negative diagnostic angiogram in patients with GI bleeding
5. To describe the main causes of recurrent bleeding after embolization

FC 101: GI Bleeding - Reference List

Mariani G, Pauwels EK, AlSharif A, Marchi S, Boni G, Barreca M, Bellini M, Grosso M, de Bortoli N, Mumolo G, Costa F, Rubello D, Strauss HW. Radionuclide evaluation of the lower gastrointestinal tract. J Nucl Med. 2008 May;49(5):776-87. Epub 2008 Apr 15. Review. PubMed PMID: 18413380

Laing CJ, Tobias T, Rosenblum DI, Banker WL, Tseng L, Tamarkin SW. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding: emerging role of multidetector CT angiography and review of current imaging techniques. Radiographics. 2007 Jul-Aug;27(4):1055-70. Review. PubMed PMID: 17620467

Defreyne L, Vanlangenhove P, De Vos M, Pattyn P, Van Maele G, Decruyenaere J, Troisi R, Kunnen M. Embolization as a first approach with endoscopically unmanageable acute nonvariceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Radiology. 2001 Mar;218(3):739-48. PubMed PMID: 11230648

Cynamon J, Atar E, Steiner A, Hoppenfeld BM, Jagust MB, Rosado M, Sprayregen S. Catheter-induced vasospasm in the treatment of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003 Feb;14(2 Pt 1):211-6. PubMed PMID: 12582189

Madoff DC, Wallace MJ, Lichtiger B, Komanduri KV, Ross WA, Narvios AB, Parmley CL. Intraarterial platelet infusion for patients with intractable gastrointestinal hemorrhage and severe refractory thrombocytopenia. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004 Apr;15(4):393-7. PubMed PMID: 15064344

Ryan JM, Key SM, Dumbleton SA, Smith TP. Nonlocalized lower gastrointestinal bleeding: provocative bleeding studies with intraarterial tPA, heparin, and tolazoline. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001 Nov;12(11):1273-7. PubMed PMID: 11698625

Aina R, Oliva VL, Therasse E, Perreault P, Bui BT, Dufresne MP, Soulez G. Arterial embolotherapy for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: outcome assessment. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001 Feb;12(2):195-200. PubMed PMID: 11265883

Padia SA, Geisinger MA, Newman JS, Pierce G, Obuchowski NA, Sands MJ. Effectiveness of coil embolization in angiographically detectable versus non-detectable sources of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009 Apr;20(4):461-6. PubMed PMID: 19328425

Loffroy R, Guiu B, D'Athis P, Mezzetta L, Gagnaire A, Jouve JL, Ortega-Deballon P, Cheynel N, Cercueil JP, Krausé D. Arterial embolotherapy for endoscopically unmanageable acute gastroduodenal hemorrhage: predictors of early rebleeding. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 May;7(5):515-23. PubMed PMID: 19418601.

Guy GE, Shetty PC, Sharma RP, Burke MW, Burke TH. Acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: treatment by superselective embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992 Sep;159(3):521-6. PubMed PMID: 1503016

Evangelista PT, Hallisey MJ. Transcatheter embolization for acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000 May;11(5):601-6. PubMed PMID: 10834491

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FC 201: UFE - Learning Objectives

1. To review the epidemiology and the main symptoms of fibroids
2. To review MR imaging features of fibroids and main differential diagnosis
3. To review the anatomy of the uterine artery and its most common variations
4. To review the embolization material and catheters available for the procedure and explain the step-by-step UFE procedure
5. To explain what the accepted end-points for UFE are and the difference between stasis and total occlusion

FC 201: UFE - Reference List

Cramer SF, Patel A. The frequency of uterine leiomyomas. Am J Clin Pathol. 1990 Oct;94(4):435-8. PubMed PMID: 2220671

Day Baird D, Dunson DB, Hill MC, Cousins D, Schectman JM. High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: ultrasound evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jan;188(1):100-7. PubMed PMID: 12548202.

Smart, O C. Hindley, J T.; Regan, L; Gedroyc, W G. Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone and Magnetic-Resonance-Guided Ultrasound Surgery for Uterine Leiomyomata Obstetrics & Gynecology. 108(1):49-54, July 2006 PubMed PMID: 16816055

Pelage JP, Le Dref O, Soyer P, Jacob D, Kardache M, Dahan H, Lassau JP, Rymer R. Arterial anatomy of the female genital tract: variations and relevance to transcatheter embolization of the uterus. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999 Apr;172(4):989-94. PubMed PMID: 10587133

Cordier P, Devos L, Delcroix A (1939). L'anastomose artrielle utro-ovarienne. C R. Assoc Anat 45 eme rrunion: 48-79

Ryu RK, Chrisman HB, Omary RA, Miljkovic S, Nemcek AA Jr, Saker MB, Resnick S, Carr J, Vogelzang RL. The vascular impact of uterine artery embolization: prospective sonographic assessment of ovarian arterial circulation. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001 Sep;12(9):1071-4. PubMed PMID: 11535770

Payne JF, Robboy SJ, Haney AF. Embolic microspheres within ovarian arterial vasculature after uterine artery embolization. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Nov;100(5 Pt 1):883-6. PubMed PMID: 12423846

Walker WJ, Pelage JP. Uterine artery embolisation for symptomatic fibroids: clinical results in 400 women with imaging follow up. BJOG. 2002 Nov;109(11):1262-72. PubMed PMID: 12452465

Chait A, Moltz A, Nelson JH Jr. The collateral arterial circulation in the pelvis. An angiographic study. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1968 Feb;102(2):392-400. PubMed PMID: 5635691

Razavi MK, Wolanske KA, Hwang GL, Sze DY, Kee ST, Dake MD. Angiographic classification of ovarian artery-to-uterine artery anastomoses: initial observations in uterine fibroid embolization. Radiology. 2002 Sep;224(3):707-12. PubMed PMID: 12202703

Pelage JP, Le Dref O, Beregi JP, Nonent M, Robert Y, Cosson M, Jacob D, Truc JB, Laurent A, Rymer R. Limited uterine artery embolization with tris-acryl gelatin microspheres for uterine fibroids. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003 Jan;14(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 12525582

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FC 301: Embolic materials - Learning Objectives

1. To review the distinguishing features of embolization particles and their different handling and embolic characteristics
2. To review the range of liquid embolization materials, their tissue response characteristics, and technical tips for handling
3. To review the range of detachable and non-detachable embolization coils, their defining characteristics and deployments mechanisms
4. To describe the technical features of vessel occluders and their in vivo uses
5. To describe the distinguishing features of glues and Onyx and to review the clinical outcomes and indications of their use for vessel occlusion

FC 301: Embolic materials - Reference List

Jack CR Jr, Forbes G, Dewanjee MK, et al: Polyvinyl alcohol sponge for embolotherapy: particle size and morphology. Am J Neuroradiol 6:595-597, 1985.

Derdeyn CP, Moran CJ, Cross DT, et al: Polyvinyl alcohol particle size and suspension characteristics. Am J Neuroradiol 16:1335-1343, 1995

Laurent A. Microspheres and nonspherical particles for embolization. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007 Dec;10(4):248- 56. PubMed PMID: 18572137

Laurent A, Beaujeux R, Wassef M, et al: Trisacryl gelatin microspheres for therapeutic embolization. I. Development and in vitro evaluation. Am J Neuroradiol 17:533-540, 1996

Lewis AL, Adams C, Busby W, Jones SA, Wolfenden LC, Leppard SW, Palmer RR, Small S. Comparative in vitro evaluation of microspherical embolisation agents. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2006 Dec;17(12):1193-204. PubMed PMID: 17143749

Berenstein A, Russell E: Gelatin sponge in therapeutic neuroradiology: a subject review. Radiology 141:105-112, 1981.

Jander HP, Russinovich NA: Transcatheter gelfoam embolization in abdominal, retroperitoneal, and pelvic hemorrhage. Radiology 136: 337-344, 1980.

Katsumori T, Kasahara T, Akazawa K: Long-term outcomes of uterine artery embolization using gelatin sponge particles alone for symptomatic fibroids. Am J Roentgenol 186:848- 854, 2006.

Kaneko T, Nakao A, Takagi H: Clinical studies of new material for portal vein embolization: comparison of embolic effect with different agents. Hepatogastroenterology 49:472-477, 2002.

Wright KC, Loh G, Wallace S, Stephens LC. Experimental evaluation of ethanol-ethiodol for transcatheter renal embolization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1990 Oct-Nov;13(5):309-13. PubMed PMID: 2175250

Burrows PE, Mason KP. Percutaneous treatment of low flow vascular malformations. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004 May;15(5):431-45. Review. PubMed PMID: 15126652

Yakes WF, Haas DK, Parker SH, Gibson MD, Hopper KD, Mulligan JS, Pevsner PH, Johns JC Jr, Carter TE. Symptomatic vascular malformations: ethanol embolotherapy. Radiology. 1989 Mar;170(3 Pt 2):1059-66. PubMed PMID: 2916057

Do YS, Yakes WF, Shin SW, Lee BB, Kim DI, Liu WC, Shin BS, Kim DK, Choo SW, Choo IW.Ethanol embolization of arteriovenous malformations: interim results. Radiology. 2005 May;235(2):674-82. PubMed PMID: 15858106

Lee BB, Do YS, Byun HS, Choo IW, Kim DI, Huh SH. Advanced management of venous malformation with ethanol sclerotherapy: mid-term results. J Vasc Surg. 2003 Mar;37(3):533-8. PubMed PMID: 12618688

Mitchell SE, Shah AM, Schwengel D. Pulmonary artery pressure changes during ethanol embolization procedures to treat vascular malformations: can cardiovascular collapse be predicted? J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006 Feb;17(2 Pt 1):253-62. PubMed PMID: 16517770

Orsini C, Brotto M. Immediate pathologic effects on the vein wall of foam sclerotherapy. Dermatol Surg. 2007 Oct;33(10):1250-4. PubMed PMID: 17903159.

Shirai H. [Experimental study of intraarterial injection of polidocanol as an embolic agent]. Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi. 1999 Dec;59(14):853-9. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 10655710

Goldman MP. Treatment of varicose and telangiectatic leg veins: double-blind prospective comparative trial between aethoxyskerol and sotradecol. Dermatol Surg. 2002 Jan;28(1):52-5. PubMed PMID: 11991271.

Reiner E, Pollak JS, Henderson KJ, Weiss RM, White RI Jr. Initial experience with 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate foam and fibered coils for management of adolescent varicocele. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008 Feb;19(2 Pt 1):207-10. PubMed PMID: 18341950.

Cabrera J, Cabrera J Jr, Garcia-Olmedo MA, Redondo P. Treatment of venous malformations with sclerosant in microfoam form. Arch Dermatol. 2003 Nov;139(11):1409-16. PubMed PMID: 14623700

Tan KT, Kirby J, Rajan DK, Hayeems E, Beecroft JR, Simons ME. Percutaneous sodium tetradecyl sulfate sclerotherapy for peripheral venous vascular malformations: a single-center experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007 Mar;18(3):343-51. PubMed PMID: 17377179

Marrocco-Trischitta MM, Guerrini P, Abeni D, Stillo F. Reversible cardiac arrest after polidocanol sclerotherapy of peripheral venous malformation. Dermatol Surg. 2002 Feb;28(2):153-5. PubMed PMID: 11860427

Hirota S, Matsumoto S, Tomita M, Sako M, Kono M. Retrograde transvenous obliteration of gastric varices. Radiology. 1999 May;211(2):349-56. PubMed PMID: 10228513

Hirota S, Kobayashi K, Maeda H, Yamamoto S, Nakao N. Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration for portal hypertension. Radiat Med. 2006 May;24(4):315-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 16958408

Tessari L, Cavezzi A, Frullini A. Preliminary experience with a new sclerosing foam in the treatment of varicose veins. Dermatol Surg. 2001 Jan;27(1):58-60. PubMed PMID: 11231246

Agid R, Burvin R, Gomori JM. Sclerotherapy for venous malformations using a "negative subtraction" technique. Neuroradiology. 2006 Feb;48(2):127-9. Epub 2005 Dec 22. PubMed PMID: 16372170

Hamel-Desnos C, Desnos P, Wollmann JC, Ouvry P, Mako S, Allaert FA. Evaluation of the efficacy of polidocanol in the form of foam compared with liquid form in sclerotherapy of the greater saphenous vein: initial results. Dermatol Surg. 2003 Dec;29(12):1170-5; discussion 1175. PubMed PMID: 14725657

Alòs J, Carreño P, López JA, Estadella B, Serra-Prat M, Marinel-Lo J. Efficacy and safety of sclerotherapy using polidocanol foam: a controlled clinical trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006 Jan;31(1):101-7. Epub 2005 Oct 14. PubMed PMID: 16226901

Yamaki T, Nozaki M, Iwasaka S. Comparative study of duplex-guided foam sclerotherapy and duplex-guided liquid sclerotherapy for the treatment of superficial venous insufficiency. Dermatol Surg. 2004 May;30(5):718-22; discussion 722. PubMed PMID: 15099313

Levrier O, Mekkaoui C, Rolland PH, Murphy K, Cabrol P, Moulin G, Bartoli JM, Raybaud C. Efficacy and low vascular toxicity of embolization with radical versus anionic polymerization of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA). An experimental study in the swine. J Neuroradiol. 2003 Mar;30(2):95-102. PubMed PMID: 12717295

Brothers MF, Kaufmann JC, Fox AJ, Deveikis JP. n-Butyl 2-cyanoacrylate--substitute for IBCA in interventional neuroradiology: histopathologic and polymerization time studies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1989 Jul-Aug;10(4):777-86. PubMed PMID: 2505505

Cromwell LD, Kerber CW. Modification of cyanoacrylate for therapeutic embolization: preliminary experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1979 May;132(5):799-801. PubMed PMID: 107749

Lieber BB, Wakhloo AK, Siekmann R, Gounis MJ. Acute and chronic swine rete arteriovenous malformation models: effect of ethiodol and glacial acetic acid on penetration, dispersion, and injection force of N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005 Aug;26(7):1707-14. PubMed PMID: 16091519

Suh DC, Shi HB, Park SS, Lee MS, Choi HY. Change of spontaneous reaction of glue and lipiodol mixture during embolization after the addition of tungsten powder: in vitro study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000 Aug;21(7):1277-9. PubMed PMID: 10954280

Moore C, Murphy K, Gailloud P. Improved distal distribution of n-butyl cyanoacrylate glue by simultaneous injection of dextrose 5% through the guiding catheter: technical note. Neuroradiology. 2006 May;48(5):327-32. Epub 2006 Apr 11. PubMed PMID: 16607543

JM Mathis, AJ Evans, AJ DeNardo, K Kennett, JR Crandall, ME Jensen, and JE Dion Hydrophilic coatings diminish adhesion of glue to catheter: an in vitro simulation of NBCA embolization AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., Jun 1997; 18: 1087 – 1091

Stoesslein F, Ditscherlein G, Romaniuk PA. Experimental studies on new liquid embolization mixtures (histoacryl-lipiodol, histoacryl-panthopaque). Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1982;5(5):264-7. PubMed PMID: 6297733

Aytekin C, Firat A, Yildirim E, Kirbas I, Boyvat F. Ultrasound-guided glue injection as alternative treatment of femoral pseudoaneurysms. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2004 Nov-Dec;27(6):612-5. Epub 2004 Oct 6. PubMed PMID: 15578137

Heye S, Maleux G, Wilms G. Pain experience during internal spermatic vein embolization for varicocele: comparison of two cyanoacrylate glues. Eur Radiol. 2006 Jan;16(1):132-6. Epub 2005 Jul 6. PubMed PMID: 15999214

Misser SK, Lalloo S, Ponnusamy S. Intracranial mycotic aneurysm due to infective endocarditis--successful NBCA glue embolisation. S Afr Med J. 2005 Jun;95(6):397-9, 403-4. PubMed PMID: 16100885

Lesley WS, Thomas MR, Abdulrauf SI. N-butylcyanoacrylate embolization of a middle meningeal artery aneurysm in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 2. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004 Sep;25(8):1414-6. PubMed PMID: 15466344

Suh DC, Kim KS, Lim SM, Shi HB, Choi CG, Lee HK, Seo DM. Technical feasibility of embolizing aneurysms with glue (N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate): experimental study in rabbits. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003 Sep;24(8):1532-9. PubMed PMID: 13679265

Yamakado K, Nakatsuka A, Tanaka N, Takano K, Matsumura K, Takeda K. Transcatheter arterial embolization of ruptured pseudoaneurysms with coils and n-butyl cyanoacrylate. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000 Jan;11(1):66-72. PubMed PMID: 10693716

Abud DG, Mounayer C, Benndorf G, Piotin M, Spelle L, Moret J. Intratumoral injection of cyanoacrylate glue in head and neck paragangliomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004 Oct;25(9):1457-62. PubMed PMID: 15502121

Cekirge H.S. A. Ozturk, I. Saatci, A.G. Pamuk, C. Erdogan, I. Akmangit, S. Geyik, and Focal Increased Cortical Density in Immediate Postembolization CT Scans of Patients with Intracranial Aneurysms AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., Oct 2006; 27: 1866 – 1875

Duffner F, Ritz R, Bornemann A, Freudenstein D, Wiendl H, Siekmann R. Combined therapy of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: histological differences between a non-adhesive liquid embolic agent and n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA). Clin Neuropathol. 2002 Jan-Feb;21(1):13-7. PubMed PMID: 11846039

Murayama Y, Viñuela F, Ulhoa A, Akiba Y, Duckwiler GR, Gobin YP, Vinters HV, Greff RJ. Nonadhesive liquid embolic agent for cerebral arteriovenous malformations: preliminary histopathological studies in swine rete mirabile. Neurosurgery. 1998 Nov;43(5):1164-75. PubMed PMID: 9802860

Mounayer C, Hammami N, Piotin M, Spelle L, Benndorf G, Kessler I, Moret J. Nidal embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations using Onyx in 94 patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007 Mar;28(3):518-23. PubMed PMID: 17353327

W.J. van Rooij, M. Sluzewski, and G.N. Beute Brain AVM Embolization with Onyx AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., Jan 2007; 28: 172 - 177

W.J. van Rooij and M. Sluzewski Packing Performance of GDC 360° Coils in Intracranial Aneurysms: A Comparison with Complex Orbit Coils and Helical GDC 10 Coils AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., Feb 2007; 28: 368 – 370

Willem Jan van Rooij, Menno Sluzewski, Laurent Pierot, Xavier Leclerc, Alain Bonafé, and Serge Bracard; Registry on Matrix Coils: Bias in Inclusion, Exclusion, and Publication AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., Mar 2007; 28: 398 – 400

W.J. van Rooij and M. Sluzewski Coiling of Very Large and Giant Basilar Tip Aneurysms: Midterm Clinical and Angiographic Results AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., Aug 2007; 28: 1405 – 1408

C. Cognard, A.C. Januel, N.A. Silva, Jr, and P. Tall Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas with Cortical Venous Drainage: New Management Using Onyx AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., Feb 2008; 29: 235 – 241

A.A. Lasboo, M.C. Hurley, M.T. Walker, D. Surdell, J.K. Song, J.M. Rosenow, and A. Shaibani Emergent Image-Guided Treatment of a Large CSF Leak to Reverse "In-Extremis" Signs of Intracranial Hypotension AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., Oct 2008; 29: 1627 – 1629

M.C. Hurley, B.A. Gross, D. Surdell, A. Shaibani, K. Muro, C.M. Mitchell, E.M. Doppenberg, and B.R. Bendok Preoperative Onyx Embolization of Aggressive Vertebral Hemangiomas AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., Jun 2008; 29: 1095 – 1097

K.H. Woo, A. Jhamb, M.K.S. Heran, M. Hurley, and D. Graeb Resolution of Existing Intimal Plaque in a Patient with Carotidynia AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., Apr 2008; 29: 732 – 733

Zhong-Song Shi Lei Feng, MD, PhD Therapeutic embolization of meningiomas with Onyx for delayed surgical resection Surgical Neurology Volume 70, Issue 5 , Pages 478-481, November 2008

Rautio R, Haapanen A. Transcatheter embolization of a renal artery aneurysm using ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2007 Mar-Apr;30(2):300-3. PubMed PMID: 17206392

Vanninen RL, Manninen I. Onyx, a new liquid embolic material for peripheral interventions: preliminary experience in aneurysm, pseudoaneurysm, and pulmonary arteriovenous malformation embolization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2007 Mar-Apr;30(2):196-200. PubMed PMID: 17205359

Toker ME, Eren E, Akbayrak H, Numan F, Güler M, Balkanay M, Yakut C. Combined approach to a peripheral congenital arteriovenous malformation: surgery and embolization. Heart Vessels. 2006 Mar;21(2):127-30. PubMed PMID: 16550315

Bratby MJ, Lehmann ED, Bottomley J, Kessel DO, Nicholson AA, McPherson SJ, Morgan RA, Belli AM. Endovascular embolization of visceral artery aneurysms with ethylene-vinyl alcohol (Onyx): a case series. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2006 Nov-Dec;29(6):1125-8. PubMed PMID: 16625409

Numan F, Omeroglu A, Kara B, Canta?demir M, Adaletli I, Kantarci F. Embolization of peripheral vascular malformations with ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx). J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004 Sep;15(9):939-46. PubMed PMID: 15361561

Lupattelli T, Abubacker Z, Morgan R, Belli AM. Embolization of a renal artery aneurysm using ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx). J Endovasc Ther. 2003 Apr;10(2):366-70. PubMed PMID: 12877625

Castaneda F, Goodwin SC, Swischuk JL, Wong GC, Bonilla SM, Wang MJ, Abdel-Sayed PS. Treatment of pelvic arteriovenous malformations with ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx). J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002 May;13(5):513-6. PubMed PMID: 11997360

Ling AJ, Pathak R, Garbowski M, Nadkarni S. Treatment of a large type II endoleak via extraperitoneal dissection and embolization of a collateral vessel using ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx). J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007 May;18(5):659-62. PubMed PMID: 17494849

Martin ML, Dolmatch BL, Fry PD, Machan LS. Treatment of type II endoleaks with Onyx. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001 May;12(5):629-32. PubMed PMID: 11340144

Rieder F, Hamer O, Gelbmann C, Schölmerich J, Gross V, Feuerbach S, Herfarth H, Rogler G. Crohn's disease of the esophagus: treatment of an esophagobronchial fistula with the novel liquid embolic polymer "onyx". Z Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul;44(7):599-602. PubMed PMID: 16823701

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FC 701: Trauma - Learning Objectives

1. To review the various mechanisms of trauma and their effect on body structures and to review the most common lesions in which embolization should be proposed
2. To review the current triage technique (when CTA/echo should be done)
3. To discuss how to choose the appropriate embolization material and how to adapt the embolization technique to the clinical condition
4. To describe the most frequent and dangerous mistakes that should be avoided
5. To review the potential of stent graft in large vessel and in medium-sized vessel trauma

FC 701: Trauma - Reference List

Gruen RL, Jurkovich GJ, McIntyre LK, Foy HM, Maier RV. Patterns of errors contributing to trauma mortality: lessons learned from 2,594 deaths. Ann Surg. 2006 Sep;244(3):371-80. PubMed PMID: 16926563; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1856538

Spahn DR, Cerny V, Coats TJ, Duranteau J, Fernández-Mondéjar E, Gordini G, Stahel PF, Hunt BJ, Komadina R, Neugebauer E, Ozier Y, Riddez L, Schultz A, Vincent JL, Rossaint R Management of bleeding following major trauma: a European guideline Critical Care 2007, 11:R17 (13 February 2007)

Velmahos GC, Toutouzas K, Radin R, Chan L, Rhee P, Tillou A, Demetriades D. High success with nonoperative management of blunt hepatic trauma: the liver is a sturdy organ. Arch Surg. 2003 May;138(5):475-80; discussion 480-1. PubMed PMID: 12742948

Velmahos GC, Toutouzas KG, Radin R, Chan L, Demetriades D. Nonoperative treatment of blunt injury to solid abdominal organs: a prospective study. Arch Surg. 2003 Aug;138(8):844-51. PubMed PMID: 12912742

Diamond IR, Hamilton PA, Garber AB, Tien HC, Chughtai T, Rizoli SB, Tremblay LN, Brenneman FD. Extravasation of intravenous computed tomography scan contrast in blunt abdominal and pelvic trauma. J Trauma. 2009 Apr;66(4):1102-7. PubMed PMID: 19359921

Smith HE, Biffl WL, Majercik SD, Jednacz J, Lambiase R, Cioffi WG. Splenic artery embolization: Have we gone too far? J Trauma. 2006 Sep;61(3):541-4; discussion 545-6. PubMed PMID: 16966984

Bessoud B, Denys A, Calmes JM, Madoff D, Qanadli S, Schnyder P, Doenz F. Nonoperative management of traumatic splenic injuries: is there a role for proximal splenic artery embolization? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006 Mar;186(3):779-85. PubMed PMID: 16498106

Marmery H, Shanmuganathan K, Alexander MT, Mirvis SE. Optimization of selection for nonoperative management of blunt splenic injury: comparison of MDCT grading systems. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 Dec;189(6):1421-7. PubMed PMID: 18029880

Kozar RA, Moore FA, Cothren CC, Moore EE, Sena M, Bulger EM, Miller CC, Eastridge B, Acheson E, Brundage SI, Tataria M, McCarthy M, Holcomb JB. Risk factors for hepatic morbidity following nonoperative management: multicenter study. Arch Surg. 2006 May;141(5):451-8; discussion 458-9. PubMed PMID: 16702516

Magnussen RA, Tressler MA, Obremskey WT, Kregor PJ. Predicting blood loss in isolated pelvic and acetabular high-energy trauma. J Orthop Trauma. 2007 Oct;21(9):603-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 17921834

Peng PD, Spain DA, Tataria M, Hellinger JC, Rubin GD, Brundage SI. CT angiography effectively evaluates extremity vascular trauma. Am Surg. 2008 Feb;74(2):103-7. PubMed PMID: 18306857

Anderson SW, Foster BR, Soto JA. Upper extremity CT angiography in penetrating trauma: use of 64-section multidetector CT. Radiology. 2008 Dec;249(3):1064-73. PubMed PMID: 19011196.

Xenos ES, Abedi NN, Davenport DL, Minion DJ, Hamdallah O, Sorial EE, Endean ED. Meta-analysis of endovascular vs open repair for traumatic descending thoracic aortic rupture. J Vasc Surg. 2008 Nov;48(5):1343-51. Epub 2008 Jul 15. Review. PubMed PMID: 18632242

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FC 801: Biliary drainage - Learning Objectives

1. To review the main causes of obstructive jaundice and the basics of their practical management
2. To review the indication and results of non-invasive imaging techniques (ultrasound, CT scans, MR studies, ) and invasive techniques (endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography)
3. To summarize the various options and techniques for percutaneous biliary drainage
4. To review the indications, results and complications of biliary stenting
5. To review the indications of cholecysostomy and describe the basics of the procedure

FC 801: Biliary drainage - Reference List

Bean WJ, Calonje MA, Aprill CN, Geshner J. Percutaneous catheterization of the gallbladder with ultrasonic guidance. South Med J. 1979 May;72(5):612-4. PubMed PMID: 441776

Elyaderani M, Gabriele OF. Percutaneous cholecystostomy and cholangiography in patients with obstructive jaundice. Radiology. 1979 Mar;130(3):601-2. PubMed PMID: 424523

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FC 901: Nephrostomy and ureteric stents - Learning Objectives

1. To review the etiology and clinical presentation of obstructive uropathy and the indications for emergency/elective interventions
2. To describe how to access the pelvicalyceal system and to decide whether a nephrostomy or antegrade stent is indicated in specific clinical scenarios
3. To describe the techniques used how to cross an ureteral occlusion and place a percutaneous catheter or ureteric stent
4. To review the indications and techniques for percutaneous access of the non dilated kidney
5. To describe how to avoid and to manage early and late complications

FC 901: Nephrostomy and ureteric stents - Reference List

Silverman SG, John R. Leyendecker, and E. Stephen Amis, Jr What Is the Current Role of CT Urography and MR Urography in the Evaluation of the Urinary Tract? Radiology February 2009 250:309-323

Hawkins IF, Jr, P Hunter, G Leal, G Nanni, M Hawkins, B Finlayson, and D Senior Retrograde nephrostomy for stone removal: combined cystoscopic/percutaneous technique Am. J. Roentgenol., Aug 1984; 143: 299 – 304

Nolte-Ernsting CC, Bücker A, Neuerburg JM, Glowinski A, Adam GB, Günther RW. MR imaging-guided percutaneous nephrostomy and use of MR-compatible catheters in the nondilated porcine urinary tract. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1999 Nov-Dec;10(10):1305-14. PubMed PMID: 10584644

EM Merkle, M Hashim, M Wendt, and JS Lewin MR-guided percutaneous nephrostomy of the nondilated upper urinary tract in a porcine model Am. J. Roentgenol., May 1999; 172: 1221 – 1225

EM Merkle, JR Shonk, JL Duerk, GH Jacobs, and JS Lewin MR-guided RF thermal ablation of the kidney in a porcine model Am. J. Roentgenol., Sep 1999; 173: 645 – 651

Hausegger et al. Percutaneous nephrostomy and antegrade ureteral stenting: technique-indications-complications. Eur Radiol 2006; 16: 2016–2030.

Uday Patel et al. Percutaneous Nephrostomy of Nondilated Renal Collecting Systems with Fluoroscopic Guidance: Technique and Results. Radiology 2004; 233:226–233.

Raymond B Dyer et al. Percutaneous Nephrostomy with Extensions of the Technique: Step by Step. RadioGraphics 2002; 22:503–525

Parvati Ramchandani, MD, John F. Cardella, MD, Clement J. Grassi, MD, Anne C. Roberts, MD, David Sacks, MD, Marc S. Schwartzberg, MD, and Curtis A. Lewis, MD, MBA, for the Society of Interventional Radiology Standards of Practice Committee. Quality Improvement Guidelines forPercutaneous Nephrostomy J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003; 14:S277–S281

S. Lewis and U. Patel. Major Complications after Percutaneous Nephrostomy-lessons from a Department Audit. Clin Radiol 2004; 59:171–179

Miller, George L. MD; Summa, James MD Transcolonic Placement of a Percutaneous Nephrostomy Tube: Recognition and Treatment. Journal of Vascular & Interventional Radiology. 8(3):401-403, May-June 1997

Prassopoulos P, Gourtsoyiannis N, Cavouras D, Pantelidis N. A study of the variation of colonic positioning in the pararenal space as shown by computed tomography. Eur J Radiol 1990; 10:44-47

Appel R, Musmanno MC, Knight JG. Nephrocolic fistula complicating percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. J Urol 1988; 140:1007-1008.

Rodrigues Netto N, Lemos GC, Fiuza JL. Colon perforation following percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Urology 1988; 32:223-224.

Neustein P, Barbaric ZL, Kaufman JJ. Nephrocolic fistula: a complication of percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. J Urol 1986; 135:571-573.

Vallancien G, Capdeville R, Veillon B, Charton M, Brisset JM. Colonic perforation during percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Urol 1985; 134:1185-1187.

LeRoy AF, Williams HJ Jr, Bender CE, Segura JW, Patterson DE, Benson RC. Colon perforation following percutaneous nephrostomy and renal calculus removal. Radiology 1985; 155:83-85.

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FC 1401: Abdominal and pelvic abscess drainage - Learning Objectives

1. To review the clinical symptoms/signs and the imaging features of abdominal abscesses
2. To discuss the indications/contraindications and techniques of abdominal abscesses drainage
3. To review transgluteal, transrectal and transvaginal approaches for pelvic abscess catheterization
4. To describe image guidance methods and specific techniques for challenging accesses
5. To review the importance of clinical evaluation and imaging follow-up in the management of patients

FC 1401: Abdominal and pelvic abscess drainage - Reference List

S.G. Gerzof, A.H. Robbins and W.C. Percutaneous catheter drainage of abdominal abscesses: a five year experience, N Engl J Med 305 (1981), pp. 653–657

M.A. Malangoni, C.R. Shumate and H.A. Thomas et al., Factors influencing the treatment of intra-abdominal abscesses, Am J Surg 159 (1990), pp. 167–171

Kumar RR: Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Feb;49(2):183-9: Factors affecting the successful management of intra-abdominal abscesses with antibiotics and the need for percutaneous drainage

Hope WW, Vrochides DV, Newcomb WL, Mayo-Smith WW, Iannitti DA. Optimal treatment of hepatic abscess. Am Surg. 2008 Feb;74(2):178-82. PubMed PMID: 18306874.

Matalon TA, Silver B. US guidance of interventional procedures. Radiology. 1990 Jan;174(1):43-7. PubMed PMID: 2403684

Bisceglia M, Matalon TA, Silver B. The pump maneuver: an atraumatic adjunct to enhance US needle tip localization. Radiology. 1990 Sep;176(3):867-8. PubMed PMID: 2202015

Carlson SK, Bender CE, Classic KL, Zink FE, Quam JP, Ward EM, Oberg AL. Benefits and safety of CT fluoroscopy in interventional radiologic procedures. Radiology. 2001 May;219(2):515-20. PubMed PMID: 11323481

Maher MM, Gervais DA, Kalra MK, Lucey B, Sahani DV, Arellano R, Hahn PF, Mueller PR. The inaccessible or undrainable abscess: how to drain it. Radiographics. 2004 May-Jun;24(3):717-35. Review. PubMed PMID: 15143224

Butch RJ, Mueller PR, Ferrucci JT Jr, Wittenberg J, Simeone JF, White EM, Brown AS. Drainage of pelvic abscesses through the greater sciatic foramen. Radiology. 1986 Feb;158(2):487-91. PubMed PMID: 3941878

Harisinghani MG, Gervais DA, Maher MM, Cho CH, Hahn PF, Varghese J, Mueller PR. Transgluteal approach for percutaneous drainage of deep pelvic abscesses: 154 cases. Radiology. 2003 Sep;228(3):701-5. Epub 2003 Jul 24. PubMed PMID: 12881584.

McNicholas MM, Lee MJ, Mayo-Smith WW, Hahn PF, Boland GW, Mueller PR. An imaging algorithm for the differential diagnosis of adrenal adenomas and metastases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995 Dec;165(6):1453-9. PubMed PMID: 7484585

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FC 1501: Gastrojejunostomy - Learning Objectives

1. To discuss common indications for gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy
2. To review the technique of tube gastrostomy insertion
3. To become familiar with button gastrostomy insertion and radiological peg insertion
4. To learn when and how to perform a gastrojejunostomy
5. To discover what types of complications can occur, how to prevent and to deal with them

FC 1501: Gastrojejunostomy - Reference List

Lyon SM et al (2003) De novo placement of button gastrostomy catheters in an adult population: experience in 53 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol: 14:1283-1289

Funaki B et al. (2001) Comparison of balloon and mushroom retained large-bore gastrostomy catheters. AJR 177:359-362

Funaki B et al. (2000) Radiologic gastrostomy placement: mushroom vs pigtail catheters. AJR 175: 375-379